Category Archives: Bankruptcy

How Poor Business Ethics Led To The Collapse Of Enron Ethics

The Enron Corporation was one of the largest companies which sold electricity and natural gas, distributed energy and other services like bandwidth interest connection and provided risk management and financial services to consumers the world over. This company became rich because of its initiative marketing and endorsement of power and communications bandwidth services and risk management offshoots. All these services were supervised by the operations management department but there existed other management departments which carried out half of their functions. Though these functions were purely executive in nature, there was lack of integrity, responsibility, creativity and control. The absence of these ethics led to the bankruptcy of the company. In other words, Enron ethics was ignored by the employees while working.

In an organization, the functions of the operations management department should consist of ethical values, integrity, competence and clear accountability of term papers. But Enron did not abide by these functions which led to its bankruptcy. We may say that the company’s employees lacked Enron ethics. As the company’s reputation grew in the global world, the competition within the employees rose and hence individual greed also generated in the atmosphere of the company’s egotism. Every employee wanted to make it big, achieve a lot within the company, and thus there was high motivation to succeed and earn more. But in such an atmosphere, the tendency to distrust people around is high as each is only concerned about themselves. With the mistrust among the employees booming, highly confidential term papers got used in trade contracts. Thus, trading contracts were made in secret and its admission was also kept undisclosed. Dealings in the finance section grew rapidly without paying much attention towards the company’s goals. Hence, the employees had started to ignore Enron ethics.

As a result, we cannot say that the problem rose due to the accounting practices only. It is not the financial department which is to be blamed solely. The problem which led to the bankruptcy of the company lay in the operations management department. On one side, Enron was gaining praises from the outsiders and on the other side, it was full of decentralized financial control and decision making structure which gave an illogical and unclear picture of the company’s activities and operations. But we cannot say that the managerial performance was poor but the departments were ruining the ethical values and principles of the company. It was the duty of the managers and directors to check whether Enron ethics is being followed in their company or not. If they had supervised properly then they could have escaped from this bankruptcy tragedy.

F32 Trojan Boat Legacy

The buyer arrives at his preferred choice by one of several methods.

But once a choice is made, they are usually immutable, as with most product loyal customers. This seed may have been planted years back during a memorable afternoon on an uncle’s boat . Or perhaps it was a good boat review that made such an impression that the buyer looks for just one particular make in the boating classifieds.

Trojan certainly has its loyal owners. The F32 series, in particular, broke all sales records. Over a period of nearly 20 years, some 2,700 rolled off a line at that Lancaster, P.A., plant – more than any other production boat in its size range. And the F32 has maintained that desirability.

They were certainly popular because of their space and price, says broker Joan Kelly of McMichael Yacht Sales in Mamaroneck, N.Y.

When one comes on the market now, if it’s in good shape and has low hours, it will not last long. There arent too many flybridges in a certain price range – such as the Trojan F32 or the Silverton 34. They had a nice traditional look, good space, and you can still buy them reasonably.

Dollars & Cents

When introduced in 1973, the F32 Sedan sold for $29,000. Five years later, the base price of the F32 sadan was up to $40,600. Equipped with the standard 225 Chryslers and later the F32 was equipped with 350 Crusaders V-8s, the F32 had a cruising speed between 15 and 22 mph (2500-3000 rpm), with a top speed of 32.3 mph (4,ooo rpm).

After 1983, standard tankage was increased to 220 gallons. Today’s buyer considering a used to Trojan may find a range of $44,800 to $51,500 for a 1988 F32 Sedan. A 1974 recently appeared on the Web for $29,500 – roughly its original price. In Massachusetts, a 1977 with 250s was
offered at $39,500.

History 101

The F32 was among Trojans first ventures into fiberglass construction. From 1949 to 1964, Trojan built exclusively in wood, developing a momentum and reputation for affordable craftsmanship.

But with the 1960 introduction of fiberglass as a building material, Trojan would not be the only boat-builder to make the switch to fiberglass. Trojan president James R. McQueen wanted to make sure fiberglass construction was going to hold up under marine conditions before committing to what would be a major capital transition costs for molds, methods and tooling, recalls Jim Ressler, Trojan’s chief engineer from 1970 to 1977.

Jim McLean was very much a wood advocate and reluctant to make the switch, says Ressler. But he was cognizant that much of the industry was going to fiberglass, whether he liked it or not.

The F-series was introduced in 1970 – with the F denoting fiberglass construction. The F32s that you see today first appeared in the summer of 1972 with teak on the foredecks and cockpit – a short-lived design feature . The last F32 was built in 1992.

Of the three models offered, the F32 Sedan (model # 321) was by far the most popular than the F32 Express (model #320) or the F32 Sports Fisherman ( model #322). Only about 20 percent were ordered with the long cockpit and diminished house area of the Express. And only two-or three dozen of the F32 Sports fishermen (model #322) were sold, according to Ressler.

Right Time, Right Place

The birthplace of the Trojan F32s was just east of Lancaster, P.A., about 70 miles west of Philadelphia. Built in the 1960s on about 55 acres, the Trojan plant
had around 300 employees working two shifts on three assembly lines – at one point all of them building F32s, recalls Ressler.

At its peak, production volume was between 8 and 10 boats a week, he says – more than 400 a year. Although today’s literature says 2,700 were built Ressler estimates the total number of F32s at closer to 3,000. The ride eventually ended with the late 80s implosion of the boat building industry: bankruptcy and asset buyout. The molds for the F32’s were cut into pieces with a chainsaw, but not the F32 legacy. Jay Crumlish of Chester, Md., sold Trojan’s for almost 18 years. His father, the late John Joseph J. J. Crumlisch Jr., was Trojan’s regional sales manager for the mid-Atlantic and influenced his son in the direction of yacht sales. Crumlisch, too, remembers the Lancaster plant. At its peak, they were flying off a line he says. But the fit and cabinetry werent rushed.

Why was the F32 such popular boat? This was wider than most boats, says Crumlish. It had a good reputation and was economical to run. That was certainly the heyday of boat production, though.

They hit the market at the right time. The F32 layout remained largely unchanged throughout its long production run. Sedan models have a 60 square-foot cockpit, and enclosed family space of about 73 sq. ft. that includes the standard lower helm to starboard, and is simply appointed yet bright and spacious interior. Forward, a wide V- berth is flanked port and starboard by ample shelving with hanging lockers providing the privacy bulkhead. On port, the head is forward of the galley, which abuts the aft bulkhead. On the starboard, a large dinette converts to double berth.
The Express version answered a different equation: With no family room, there is more space available for the cockpit and interior.

Dennis Killian

Bankruptcy Lawyer – Why Do You Need One

Bankruptcy is the legal term that is used to indicate a situation when a person or a business is unable to pay off outstanding debts. It is a legal declaration on a debtor’s end that he does not have any possible way to pay off his creditors.

Filing a bankruptcy petition is considered to be a major decision in a person’s life as it usually changes one’s financial state drastically. It is a difficult phase for anyone to go through the procedures of bankruptcy. Hiring a bankruptcy lawyer can help to a great extent. He is the person who would know the various facets of the field. .

The popular options that bankruptcy usually offers are as follows:

Chapter 7 – This option is most popularly used by the debtors. This chapter calls for liquidating all the non-exempt property of a debtor to pay off his creditors. This is done by a trustee who is appointed by the court. He is in charge of evaluating the value of all the assets of a debtor and repays the creditors. However, exempt properties of debtors cannot be liquidated or sold off.

Chapter 13 – This option is ideal for people who have a steady income source. It allows a debtor to take some time, around 3-5 years, to pay off the creditors. Partnership businesses or corporations and unemployed individuals cannot apply for this option. An eligible debtor has to send a repayment plan to the court for approval before the case can proceed.

A benefit of filing a bankruptcy case assures a protection from creditors, that is, a debtor cannot be contacted by his creditors by any means. Paper-works and other requirements of a bankruptcy case are pretty complicated and should be handled properly. Hiring a bankruptcy lawyer can make things easier to deal with.

A bankruptcy lawyer will assist you right from the filling up the paper-works to the representation in the court. He is like an efficient tool that can manage your meetings with creditors and assist you to understand the complexities of your case. He is the right person to decide as to which bankruptcy option is appropriate for you.

While looking for a bankruptcy lawyer, make sure to check his experience and qualifications. Also, try to talk some of his recent clients. Getting referrals might help you to get a fair idea of how your lawyer can work your case out.

In order to get expert assistance, hire a good bankruptcy lawyer. Glendale citizens can seek legal help from 4Bankruptcy.

For more insights and additional information about choosing a bankruptcy lawyer Glendale as well as getting a free bankruptcy consultation from an local attorney to you, please visit our web site at www.4bankruptcy.com.

It is Boring Reading through Bankruptcy Laws Chapter 7 Placentia


I was upset to hear recently from a friend who was facing bankruptcy
chapter 7 Placentia and even more upset when he mentioned a mutual
friend who had just gone through a bankruptcy chapter 13 Placentia. This
second friend had handled his case by himself and been successful so my
friend was thinking about filing for chapter 7 bankruptcy Placentia
without professional help.


I was roped in to help with the research and must admit that I found
reading up on bankruptcy laws chapter 7 Placentia to be very boring. In
my opinion bankruptcy laws chapter 13 Placentia, or chapter 7 and
anywhere, should be left for the attorneys to deal with. I did learn
quite a lot and was happy to be able to assist my friend who went on to
do well in his case.

What Happens After I File For Bankruptcy?


The Bankruptcy Court sends out a notice of your bankruptcy filing to
all of the creditors listed in your schedules. This notice advises the
creditors that you have filed for protection, which chapter you filed
and advises them that an “automatic stay” is in effect, preventing
creditors from pursuing any further efforts to collect the debt. This
would include staying a foreclosure sale, wage garnishment and even a
civil court proceeding or trial. Criminal cases are not stayed, nor are
child support hearings. Also on the notice is the date and time of your
meeting of creditors and/or confirmation hearing with the court, as well
as the deadline for taking certain action against creditors. Prior to
the 341 meeting, your bankruptcy attorney will discuss any potential
issues and help you prepare for any questions that the trustee is likely
to ask.


At the meeting of creditors, a Trustee, appointed by the court, will
examine you under oath as to the accuracy of the information contained
in your schedules. Creditors have a right to be present at this hearing
and may ask you questions pertaining only to your assets and
liabilities, income and expenses. If they wish to challenge a particular
debt from being discharged, most creditors are required to file an
adversary proceeding within sixty days of the meeting of creditors in a
Chapter 7 case, or the debt is discharged. There may be debts that will
survive your bankruptcy, such as student loans, personal tax liability
and domestic support obligations.

Creditors who are owed money
on a home or car are secured creditors and possess certain rights that
unsecured creditors (such as credit card companies) do not possess. For
example, they have the right to foreclose on a home or repossess a car
if payments are not made in accordance with the contract. A debtor who
is behind on these payments can file under Chapter 11 or 13 and propose a
plan to repay the arrears. However, in all cases, the debtor must
continue to make the current monthly payments to keep the property. I
would have to say that it is advisable to hire chapter13 attorneys
Placentia.

Which Type Of Personal Bankruptcy Is The Best For You

If you have caught yourself in the nasty trap of debts and your
financial situation is not strong enough to pay off all these debts, you
must be into a dilemma of, what to do or what not to do. May be, you
are planning to file for personal bankruptcy. However, do you know that
there are two types of personal bankruptcy and you can choose only one?
The bankruptcy laws have provided two options for the people, willing to
file for personal bankruptcy. The first option is to choose to go for
the straight bankruptcy, i.e. chapter 7 bankruptcy and the second option
is to choose the Wage earner plan i.e. chapter 13 bankruptcy. This
article intends to explain these two options for you and the
circumstances in which you can use them. Let us go exploring.

Chapter 7 Bankruptcy

It
is important for you to understand that chapter 7 bankruptcy is the
most common form of bankruptcy and usually is termed as straight or
liquidation bankruptcy. In general, when people talk about personal
bankruptcy, they have the concept of liquidation bankruptcy in the mind.
Therefore, you must note that the liquidation bankruptcy is not the
only type of bankruptcy. As per the chapter 7 bankruptcy, all your
assets are sold off, under the supervision of the trustee, appointed by
the bankruptcy court. The money thus collected, is then used to pay off
the respective debts of the creditors. The creditors get their share as
per the priority level, as approved by the bankruptcy court. However,
now with the inclusion of the new bankruptcy laws, not everybody can
easily qualify for this type of personal bankruptcy. It is mandatory for
you to pass the means test and go through the US government approved
credit-counseling agency, before you file court petition for chapter 7
personal bankruptcy.

Chapter 13 Bankruptcy

Chapter 13
bankruptcy is commonly known as wage earner plan or reorganization
personal bankruptcy. As the term suggests, as per this type of personal
bankruptcy, your assets are not sold off. Instead, you are asked by the
bankruptcy court to continue with your business venture, and pay the
reduced claims of the various creditors simultaneously. As per this form
of personal bankruptcy, you may be granted your request to pay off the
debts at the rate of 75 cents on each dollar, or may be lesser than
that.